A secure and reliable Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) scheme is required to store CO₂ safely. Stored CO₂ has an electrical resistivity that is saturation dependent and will differ significantly from surrounding water-filled formations. Using seismic only for monitoring would be difficult as seismic p-wave velocity is almost insensitive to increased levels of CO₂ in a formation.

Our measured fields are highly sensitive to changes in electrical resistivity, making it ideal for detecting both change in volume and lateral expansion.